Following pathogen infection or tissue damage, the stimulation of pattern recognition
receptors on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of innate immune cells activates members …

Neuronal dysfunction initiates several intracellular signaling cascades to release different
proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as various reactive oxygen species. In …

Optic nerve disorders encompass a wide spectrum of conditions characterized by the loss of
retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and subsequent degeneration of the optic nerve. The etiology …

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the eye and it is one of the leading causes of
blindness. Glaucoma is characterized by progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells …

Great successes have been achieved in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors as
anticancer therapeutic agents. However, kinase deregulation plays essential roles not only …

In the first part, the following mechanisms involved in different forms of cell death are
considered, with a view to identifying potential therapeutic targets: tumour necrosis factor …

Abstract p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (P38α and β) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases
(JNK1, 2, and 3) are key mediators of the cellular stress response. However, prolonged P38 …

The p38α mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway not only regulates the production of
inflammatory mediators, but also controls processes related to tissue homeostasis, such as …

Apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)
kinase kinase that activates the downstream MAPKs, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and …

Macrophage/microglial modulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple
sclerosis (MS), which is an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Dynamin …