The eponymous term nucleus of Edinger‐Westphal (EW) has come to be used to describe
two juxtaposed and somewhat intermingled cell groups of the midbrain that differ …

Since its discovery, the gut hormone, ghrelin, has been implicated in diverse functional roles
in the central nervous system. Central and peripheral interactions between ghrelin and other …

Background: The current therapies for alcohol abuse disorders are not effective in all
patients, and continued development of pharmacotherapies is needed. One approach that …

Relapse to alcohol use after periods of abstinence is a hallmark behavioral pathology of
alcoholism and a major clinical problem. Emerging evidence indicates that metabotropic …

Pain is often described as a “biopsychosocial” process, yet social influences on pain and
underlying neural mechanisms are only now receiving significant experimental attention …

Mitogen‐activated and extracellular regulated kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal‐
regulated protein kinase (ERK) pathways may underlie ethanol‐induced neuroplasticity …

The oculomotor accessory nucleus, often referred to as the Edinger–Westphal nucleus [EW],
was first identified in the 17th century. Although its most well known function is the control of …

The discovery of novel members of the CRF neuropeptide family, urocortin 1 (Ucn1),
urocortin 2 and 3 has provided important insights into stress adaptation pathways, and …

The transition from infrequent drug use to addiction (ie the loss of control over consumption
of a drug) probably involves changes in gene expression that restructure neural circuits in …

Social relationships strongly affect alcohol drinking in humans. Traditional laboratory
rodents do not exhibit social affiliations with specific peers, and cannot adequately model …