A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as
excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and …

Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) is produced through the proteolytic processing of a
transmembrane protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP), by β-and γ-secretases. Aβ …

Protein kinase B (Akt), similar to many other protein kinases, is at the crossroads of cell
death and survival, playing a pivotal role in multiple interconnected cell signaling …

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous complex disease affecting more than 29 million
Americans alone with a rising prevalence trending toward steady increases in the coming …

Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid, a major bioenergetic substrate for proliferating
normal and neoplastic cells, and an excitatory neurotransmitter that is actively involved in …

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is ubiquitously expressed in brain regions
responsible for memory and learning. It plays a key role in modulating rapid changes in …

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive
neuronal loss. AD is associated with aberrant processing of the amyloid precursor protein …

The prion glycoprotein (PrPC) is mostly located at the cell surface, tethered to the plasma
membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatydil inositol (GPI) anchor. Misfolding of PrPC is …

Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and plays critical roles in all
aspects of neuronal function. Disruption of normal glutamate transmission has been …

Beta-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD),
and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has been shown to act as a receptor for …