Repairing articular osteochondral defects present considerable challenges in self‐repair
due to the complex tissue structure and low proliferation of chondrocytes. Conventional …

Natural bone tissue is composed of calcium-deficient carbonated hydroxyapatite as the
inorganic phase and collagen type I as the main organic phase. The biomimetic approach of …

The osteochondral defect repair has been most extensively studied due to the rising
demand for new therapies to diseases such as osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering has been …

In industries as diverse as automotive, aerospace, medical, energy, construction,
electronics, and food, the engineering technology known as 3D printing or additive …

The bone tissue engineering approach for treating large bone defects becomes necessary
when the tissue damage surpasses the threshold of the inherent regenerative ability of the …

In severe tissue destruction, not only large number of cells are destroyed, but also the
extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a three-dimensional (3D) network that provides …

Osteochondral (OC) repair is an extremely challenging topic due to the complex biphasic
structure and poor intrinsic regenerative capability of natural osteochondral tissue. In …

Porous biodegradable scaffolds provide a physical substrate for cells allowing them to
attach, proliferate and guide the formation of new tissues. A variety of techniques have been …

The fabrication of 3D scaffolds is under wide investigation in tissue engineering (TE)
because of its incessant development of new advanced technologies and the improvement …

The heterogeneity of native tissues requires complex materials to provide suitable
substitutes for model systems and replacement tissues. Functionally graded materials have …