Abstract In 1977, Mason and Williams developed the concept of the alveolar epithelial type II
(AE2) cell as a defender of the alveolus. It is well known that AE2 cells synthesise, secrete …

Pulmonary surfactant is a critical component of lung function in healthy individuals. It
functions in part by lowering surface tension in the alveoli, thereby allowing for breathing …

Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is a complicated mixture of approximately 90% lipids and 10%
proteins. It plays an important role in maintaining normal respiratory mechanics by reducing …

Mammalian models are frequently used for preclinical evaluation of new drug delivery
systems (DDS). However, valid mammalian models are expensive, time-consuming, and not …

Life originated in anoxia, but many organisms came to depend upon oxygen for survival,
independently evolving diverse respiratory systems for acquiring oxygen from the …

Pulmonary surfactant controls the surface tension at the air-liquid interface within the lung.
This system had a single evolutionary origin that predates the evolution of the vertebrates …

▪ Abstract Exocytosis is fundamental in biology and requires an orchestra of proteins and
other constituents to fuse a vesicle with the plasma membrane. Although the molecular …

Lung surfactant (LS) is a mixture of lipids and proteins that line the alveolar air–liquid
interface, lowering the interfacial tension to levels that make breathing possible. In acute …

The history of physiologic cellular–molecular interrelationships can be traced all the way
back to the unicellular state by following the pathway formed by lipids ubiquitously …

Pulmonary surfactant, a complex mixture of lipids and proteins, lowers the surface tension in
terminal air spaces and is crucial for lung function. Within an animal species, surfactant …