Water, a necessary component of cell protoplasm, plays an essential role in supporting life
on Earth; nevertheless, extreme changes in climatic conditions limit water availability …

Drought stress, which causes a decline in quality and quantity of crop yields, has become
more accentuated these days due to climatic change. Serious measures need to be taken to …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Plants face a variety of abiotic stresses, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and
ultimately obstruct normal growth and development of plants. To prevent cellular damage …

Oxidative stress is common in plants growing under extreme environments, such as water
shortage, salinity, heavy metals, and temperature extremes. To overcome oxidative stress …

Salinity stress is one of the significant abiotic stresses that influence critical metabolic
processes in the plant. Salinity stress limits plant growth and development by adversely …

Frequently changing environmental conditions pose unwarranted threat to plants life and
impose serious penalties in terms of arrested growth, metabolism and ultimately the yield …

Plants face different types of stresses, including biotic and abiotic stresses. Among various
abiotic stress, low-temperature stress alters various morphological, cytological …

Climate change significantly impacts crop production by inducing several abiotic and biotic
stresses. The increasing world population, and their food and industrial demands require …

Polyamines play a fundamental role in the functioning of all cells. Their regulatory role in
plant development, their function under stress conditions, and their metabolism have been …