Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Abstract The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a key component of the
climate through its transport of heat in the North Atlantic Ocean. Decadal changes in the …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

There is debate about slowing of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a
key component of the global climate system. Some focus is on the sea surface temperature …

Tipping elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Freshwater (FW) forcing is widely identified as the dominant mechanism causing reductions
of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a climate tipping point that led to …

Marine heatwave (MHW) characteristics, such as total days, average duration, and mean
intensity, have increased in most global oceans. In contrast, marine cold‐spell (MCS) …

Abstract The Gulf Stream is a vital limb of the North Atlantic circulation that influences
regional climate, sea level, and hurricane activity. Given the Gulf Stream's relevance to …

Significant societally important climate impacts can be caused by changes in the strength of
the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at higher latitudes. Focusing on …

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) exert devastating impacts on ecosystems and have been
revealed to increase in their incidence, duration, and intensity in response to greenhouse …