All living birds are toothless, constituting by far the most diverse toothless vertebrate clade,
and are striking examples of evolutionary success following tooth loss. In recent years, an …

Recent hypotheses on the higher‐level phylogeny of modern birds are reviewed, and areas
of agreement and major conflict are detailed, with emphasis being put on congruence …

Interpreting key ecological parameters, such as diet, of extinct organisms without the benefit
of direct observation or explicit fossil evidence poses a formidable challenge for …

A new species of tyrannosaurid from the upper Two Medicine Formation of Montana
supports the presence of a Laramidian anagenetic (ancestor-descendant) lineage of Late …

Cranial nerves are key features of the nervous system and vertebrate body plan. However,
little is known about the anatomical relationships and ontogeny of cranial nerves in …

The skull of living birds is greatly modified from the condition found in their dinosaurian
antecedents. Bird skulls have an enlarged, toothless premaxillary beak and an intricate …

The avian skull is distinctive in its construction and in its function. Much of bird anatomical
variety is expressed in the beak; but the beak itself, largely formed of the premaxillary bone …

INTRODUCTION The absence of teeth or edentulism has evolved on multiple occasions
within vertebrates, including birds, turtles, and a few groups of mammals (anteaters, baleen …

Mesozoic birds display considerable diversity in size, flight adaptations and feather
organization,,–, but exhibit relatively conserved patterns of beak shape and development …

This chapter will cover clade definitions, the relationships within clades as well as the
occasional controversial relationships between different clades. Phylogenies arising from a …