The vertebrate retina first evolved some 500 million years ago in ancestral marine
chordates. Since then, the eyes of different species have been tuned to best support their …

Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature
representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain …

Predictive motion encoding is an important aspect of visually guided behavior that allows
animals to estimate the trajectory of moving objects. Motion prediction is understood …

Visual neuroscientists require accurate control of visual stimulation. However, few stimulator
solutions simultaneously offer high spatio-temporal resolution and free control over the …

How sensory systems extract salient features from natural environments and organize them
across neural pathways is unclear. Combining single-cell and population two-photon …

Bipolar cells (BCs) are integral to the retinal circuits that extract diverse features from the
visual environment. They bridge photoreceptors to ganglion cells, the source of retinal …

How do sensory systems disambiguate events in the external world from signals generated
by the animal's own motor actions? One strategy is to use an" efference copy" of the motor …

The ability to encode the direction of image motion is fundamental to our sense of vision.
Direction selectivity along the four cardinal directions is thought to originate in direction …

The interactions an animal has with its prey, predators, neighbors, and competitors are
known as ecological interactions. Making effective decisions during ecological interactions …

Glutamate is the major fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, and
researchers have for decades pursued tools for monitoring glutamate release in real time …