Decades ago, mitogen-promoted signaling duration and strength were observed to be
sensed by the cell and to be critical for its decisions: to proliferate or differentiate. Landmark …

A growing number of studies are revealing that cells can send and receive information by
controlling the temporal behavior (dynamics) of their signaling molecules. In this Review, we …

Widmann, Christian, Spencer Gibson, Matthew B. Jarpe, and Gary L. Johnson. Mitogen-
Activated Protein Kinase: Conservation of a Three-Kinase Module From Yeast to Human …

A number of different intracellular signaling pathways have been shown to be activated by
receptor tyrosine kinases. These activation events include the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, 70 …

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade is a central signaling
pathway that regulates a wide variety of stimulated cellular processes, including mainly …

Ras genes are the most common targets for somatic gain-of-function mutations in human
cancer. Recently, germline mutations that affect components of the Ras–Raf–mitogen …

The ERK signaling cascade is a central MAPK pathway that plays a role in the regulation of
various cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, development, learning …

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a peptide growth factor that is homologous to both
insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin and plays an important role in embryonic …

The duration of intracellular signalling is associated with distinct biological responses, but
how cells interpret differences in signal duration are unknown. We show that the immediate …

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are key regulators of several developmental processes in
which cell fate and differentiation to various tissue lineages are determined. The importance …