The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is an inhibitory receptor belonging to
the CD28 immunoglobulin subfamily, expressed primarily by T-cells. Its ligands, CD80 and …

Numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs) govern the collective metabolism of a cell
through altering the structure and functions of proteins. The action of the most prevalent …

Classically, the CD28/cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) and B7 families of cell
surface molecules regulate complex signaling pathways that profoundly affect T‐cell …

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterised by pain, swelling, and destruction of joints, with
resultant disability. Only disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs can interfere with the …

Background A substantial number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis have an inadequate
or unsustained response to tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) inhibitors. We conducted a …

Objectives To evaluate clinical remission with subcutaneous abatacept plus methotrexate
(MTX) and abatacept monotherapy at 12 months in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis …

Background Effective new therapies are needed for rheumatoid arthritis. Current therapies
target the products of activated macrophages; however, T cells also have an important role …

Effective immunosuppression is an essential pre-requisite for successful organ
transplantation and improvements in outcome after transplantation have to a large extent …

Background: The selective co-stimulation modulator abatacept demonstrated efficacy for
treating rheumatoid arthritis in early clinical studies. Objective: To evaluate the effects of …