The gut microbiota is responsible for recovering energy from food, providing hosts with
vitamins, and providing a barrier function against exogenous pathogens. In addition, it is …

Tight junctions (TJs) play an important role in intestinal barrier function. TJs in intestinal
epithelial cells are composed of different junctional molecules, such as claudin and …

The intestinal tract is the largest barrier between a person and the environment. In this role,
the intestinal tract is responsible not only for absorbing essential dietary nutrients, but also …

The gastrointestinal tract is a specialized organ in which dynamic interactions between host
cells and the complex environment occur in addition to food digestion. Together with the …

As part of the neurovascular unit, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique, dynamic
regulatory boundary that limits and regulates the exchange of molecules, ions, and cells …

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by the injury, inflammation, and scarring in the
liver owing to excessive alcohol consumption. Currently, ALD is a leading cause for liver …

The intestine plays an essential role in integrating immunity and nutrient digestion and
absorption. Adjacent intestinal epithelia form tight junctions (TJs) that are essential to the …

Tight junctions are cell-adhesion complexes that seal tissues and are involved in cell
polarity and signaling. Supra-molecular assembly and positioning of tight junctions as …

Enzymatic reactions and noncovalent (ie, supramolecular) interactions are two fundamental
nongenetic attributes of life. Enzymatic noncovalent synthesis (ENS) refers to a process …

Owing to their minimal side effects and effective protection from oxidative stress,
inflammation, and malignant growth, natural polysaccharides (NPs) are a potential adjuvant …