Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various
biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine
kinase, functioning in numerous cellular processes including cell proliferation, DNA repair …

Caloric restriction (CR) prolongs life span, yet the mechanisms by which it does so remain
poorly understood. Under CR, mice self-impose chronic cycles of 2-hour feeding and 22 …

Mammals synchronize their circadian activity primarily to the cycles of light and darkness in
the environment. This is achieved by ocular photoreception relaying signals to the …

Life on earth has adapted to the day-night cycle by evolution of internal, so-called circadian
clocks that adjust behavior and physiology to the recurring changes in environmental …

Cryptochromes are flavoprotein photoreceptors first identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, where
they play key roles in growth and development. Subsequently identified in prokaryotes …

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a widely expressed and highly conserved
serine/threonine protein kinase encoded in mammals by two genes that generate two …

The mammalian circadian system is a complex hierarchical temporal network which is
organized around an ensemble of uniquely coupled cells comprising the principal circadian …

Sleep disturbances and circadian rhythm dysfunction have been widely demonstrated in
patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Irregularity of the sleep–wake rhythm, eveningness …

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood
disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior …