Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that evokes a biological response is known as stress. The
compensatory responses to these stresses are known as stress responses. Based on the …

Tremendous progress has been made in characterizing the bidirectional interactions
between the central nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the gastrointestinal …

The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication network that links the enteric and central
nervous systems. This network is not only anatomical, but it extends to include endocrine …

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that affects a large number of
people in the world, and the treatment existents do not work for all individuals affected. Thus …

Objective Intestinal permeability and psychological stress have been implicated in the
pathophysiology of IBD and IBS. Studies in animals suggest that stress increases …

Bidirectional signalling between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain is regulated at
neural, hormonal, and immunological levels. This construct is known as the brain–gut axis …

Major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia-spectrum
disorders (SSD) are heterogeneous psychiatric disorders, which place significant burden on …

Alterations in the bidirectional interactions between the intestine and the nervous system
have important roles in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A body of largely …

Psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune modulation through the brain-gut axis likely has a key role
in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The brain-gut axis involves …

The accumulating knowledge of the host-microbiota interplay gives rise to the microbiota-gut-
brain (MGB) axis. The MGB axis depicts the interkingdom communication between the gut …