Background Plastic responses of plants to the environment are ubiquitous. Phenotypic
plasticity occurs in many forms and at many biological scales, and its adaptive value …

Much research has been devoted to identify the conditions under which selection favours
flexible individuals or genotypes that are able to modify their growth, development and …

Migration strategies in fishes comprise a rich, ecologically important, and socioeconomically
valuable example of biological diversity. The variation and flexibility in migration is evident …

Interest in individual differences in animal behavioural plasticities has surged in recent
years, but research in this area has been hampered by semantic confusion as different …

There is abundant evidence that the probability of successful establishment in novel
environments increases with number of individuals in founder groups and with number of …

To forecast extinction risks of natural populations under climate change and direct human
impacts, an integrative understanding of both phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution is …

An increasing number of studies demonstrate phenotypic and genetic changes in natural
populations that are subject to climate change, and there is hope that some of these …

Responding appropriately to changing conditions is crucial in dynamic environments.
Individual variation in the flexibility of physiological mediators of phenotype may influence …

Biological diversity is threatened by exploitation, fragmentation of natural habitats, pollution,
climate change, and anthropogenic spread of species. The question of how among …

Maintenance of biodiversity in a rapidly changing climate will depend on the efficacy of
evolutionary rescue, whereby population declines due to abrupt environmental change are …