Differences in the prevalence of chronic pain in women vs. men are well known, and
decades of laboratory experimentation have demonstrated that women are more sensitive to …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system
(CNS) affecting young people and leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The …

Progress in our understanding of the role of the maternal immune system during healthy
pregnancy will help us better understand the role of the immune system in adverse …

The immune systems of men and women differ in significant ways, especially after puberty.
In particular, females are generally more prone to autoimmunity, but experience lower rates …

There is still an unresolved paradox with respect to the immunomodulating role of estrogens.
On one side, we recognize inhibition of bone resorption and suppression of inflammation in …

Sex differences in autoimmune disease | Nature Immunology Skip to main content Thank you
for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain …

The immune system and its orchestrated response are affected by a multitude of
endogenous and exogenous factors, modulators and challenges. One of the most frequent …

There is now a large body of evidence suggesting that the decline in ovarian function with
menopause is associated with spontaneous increases in proinflammatory cytokines. The …

It is often assumed that there is little or no sex bias within either Type I (insulin-dependent) or
Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. This review considers evidence that sex …

The prevalence and intensity of infections caused by protozoa, nematodes, trematodes,
cestodes, and arthropods is higher in males than females. The primary thesis of this review …