Among painful disorders, migraine is distinguishable by its chronic pathology and episodic
clinical manifestation. Only a small percentage of patients with migraine progress to a …

Background and Objectives: Characterising the features of methodologies, clinical attributes
and intervention protocols, of studies is valuable to advise directions for research and …

The complex mechanisms underlying migraine are not entirely understood. It has been
suggested that descending endogenous pain modulation is an important contributing factor …

Background Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is measured by comparing pain induced
by a test stimulus with pain induced by the same test stimulus, either during (parallel design) …

Background. The role of central sensitization in refractory pain‐related diseases has not yet
been clarified. Methods. We performed a multicenter case‐controlled study including 551 …

Posttraumatic headache (PTH) is common following traumatic brain injury and impacts
quality of life. We investigated descending pain modulation as one possible mechanism for …

Objective To present the potential use and relevance of the conditioned pain modulation
(CPM) response to migraine diagnosis, outcome prediction, and treatment. Background The …

The blink reflex (BR) is integrated at the brainstem; however, it is modulated by inputs from
various structures such as the striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and nucleus raphe …

Background Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder that involves the brain,
characterized by a series of abnormal neuronal networks interacting at different levels of the …

Cluster Headache (CH) is a primary headache that causes severe pain. Some evidence
suggests that central mechanisms might be involved. The objective of this study was (1) to …