Tumors that express detectable levels of the product of the ESR1 gene (estrogen receptor-α;
ERα) represent the single largest molecular subtype of breast cancer. More women …

Systems biology is an integrative discipline connecting the molecular components within a
single biological scale and also among different scales (eg cells, tissues and organ systems) …

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response activated by the accumulation of
unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its …

How breast cancer cells respond to the stress of endocrine therapies determines whether
they will acquire a resistant phenotype or execute a cell-death pathway. After a survival …

Cancers of the breast and other tissues arise from aberrant decision-making by cells
regarding their survival or death, proliferation or quiescence, damage repair or bypass …

The American Cancer Society estimates that over 200,000 new breast cancer cases are
diagnosed annually in the USA alone. Of these cases, the majority are invasive breast …

The unfolded protein response is an endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway mediated by the
protein chaperone glucose regulated-protein 78 (GRP78). Metabolic analysis of breast …

Prior research has demonstrated how the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions as a
multifunctional organelle and as a well-orchestrated protein-folding unit. It consists of …

Recent studies show that the unfolded protein response (UPR) within the endoplasmic
reticulum is correlated with breast cancer drug resistance. In particular, human X-box …

Estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) are ligand-activated transcription factors that play
different roles in gene regulation and show both overlapping and specific tissue distribution …