Levulinic acid (LA) is one of the most promising biomass-derived platform chemicals owing
to its wider convertibility to a large number of commodity chemicals. Numerous LA …

Alkyl levulinates are one of the most desirable and promising compounds for biofuel
production, since they have been identified as one of the prospective fuel-blending …

Abstract In this study, Zr 4+-CER was used as a solid acid catalyst to catalyze the
esterification reaction. The esterification of tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) with ethanol dehydration …

A Preyssler-type heteropolyacid supported on silica, synthesized and characterized by FTIR,
was tested for levulinic acid (LA) esterification with n-butanol under microwave-assisted …

The use of alkyl levulinates is growing interest in fuels. Adding n-butyl levulinate (BL) to fuels
presents some benefits compared to ethyl levulinate. The conventional production route of …

When processing lignocellulosic biomass materials to obtain platform molecules such as
levulinic acid (LA), alkyl levulinates or γ-valerolactone (GVL), the choice of solvent is of …

In the present review article, the definitions and the most advanced findings within Process
Intensification are collected and discussed. The intention is to give the readers the basic …

The use of enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions has increased these recent years.
Several models have been developed to express the kinetics over these biocatalysts. The …

Levulinic acid (LA) was discovered in 1875 by heating candy with concentrated acid. Since
then, it has been generated in a variety of ways from commercial sugars and their products …

Reactive distillation (RD) column is one of the important equipment to improve the reaction
conversion limited by the chemical equilibrium, however, the application in industrial scale is …