Natriuretic peptides, brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal prohormone of
brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are globally and most often used for the diagnosis of …

The discovery of the heart as an endocrine organ resulted in a remarkable recognition of the
natriuretic peptide system (NPS). Specifically, research has established the production of …

Background: Patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction after myocardial infarction
are at a high risk of developing heart failure. The addition of neprilysin inhibition to renin …

Background Doses of sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val) achieved in clinical trials of heart failure
with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are often not reached in clinical practice. Objectives …

Background: Sacubitril/valsartan (S/V) treatment is associated with reverse cardiac
remodeling and reductions in biomarkers reflecting ventricular wall stress and myocardial …

Heart has a recognized endocrine function as it produces several biologically active
substances with hormonal properties. Among these hormones, the natriuretic peptide (NP) …

In past cardiovascular medicine, the attention to the left ventricle-identified as the only
indicator and determinant of healthy or unhealthy cardiac conditions-has systematically …

ANP is mainly synthesized by the atria, and upon excretion, it serves two primary purposes:
vasodilation and increasing the renal excretion of sodium and water. The understanding of …

Simple Summary Active BNP-32, less active proBNP-108, and inactive N-terminal proBNP-
76 all circulate in the blood. The circulating protease neprilysin has lower substrate …

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the presence of dyspnea or limited
exertion due to impaired cardiac ventricular filling and/or blood ejection. Because of its high …