Recent evidence indicates that mitochondria lie at the heart of immunity. Mitochondrial DNA
acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and the mitochondrial outer …

Lack of immune system cells or impairment in differentiation of immune cells is the basis for
many chronic diseases. Metabolic changes could be the root cause for this immune cell …

Nearly 130 years after the first insights into the existence of mitochondria, new
rolesassociated with these organelles continue to emerge. As essential hubs that dictate cell …

T cells are a central component of defenses against pathogens and tumors. Their effector
functions are sustained by specific metabolic changes that occur upon activation, and these …

The transcription factor BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1) is widely expressed in most
mammalian tissues and functions primarily as a transcriptional suppressor by …

Protoporphyrin IX iron complex (heme) is an important cofactor for oxygen transfer, oxygen
storage, oxygen activation, and electron transfer when bound to the heme proteins …

The progression of cancer involves not only the gradual evolution of cells by mutations in
DNA but also alterations in the gene expression induced by those mutations and input from …

During immune reactions, functionally distinct B-cell subsets are generated by stochastic
processes, including class-switch recombination (CSR) and plasma cell differentiation …

B cell growth and proliferation is tightly regulated by signaling through the B cell receptor
and by other membrane bound receptors responding to different cytokines. The PI3K …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder
characterized by the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Mounting evidence …