In the brain, most synapses are formed on minute protrusions known as dendritic spines.
Unlike their artificial intelligence counterparts, spines are not merely tuneable memory …

We often assume that the variables of functional and structural brain parameters—such as
synaptic weights, the firing rates of individual neurons, the synchronous discharge of neural …

Despite the importance of the discharge frequency in neuronal communication, little is
known about the firing-rate patterns of cortical populations. Using large-scale recordings …

The hippocampal formation is crucial for learning and memory, with submodule CA3 thought
to be the substrate of pattern completion. However, the underlying synaptic and …

Sleep has been hypothesized to rebalance overall synaptic strength after ongoing learning
during waking leads to net synaptic potentiation. If so, because synaptic strength and size …

Dendrites are neuronal structures specialized for receiving and processing information
through their many synaptic inputs. How input strengths are modified across dendrites in …

A defining feature of cortical layer 2/3 excitatory neurons is their sparse activity, often firing in
singlets of action potentials. Local inhibitory neurons are thought to play a major role in …

In the CA3 region of the hippocampus, pyramidal cells excite other pyramidal cells and
interneurons. The axons of CA3 pyramidal cells spread throughout most of the region to form …

Recent work has shown that functional connectivity among cortical neurons is highly varied,
with a small percentage of neurons having many more connections than others. Also, recent …

The mammalian neocortex contains many cell types, but whether they organize into
repeated structures has been unclear. We discovered that major cell types in neocortical …