In the 1970s, treatment with thyroid extract was superseded by levothyroxine, a synthetic l
form of tetraiodothyronine. Since then, no major innovation has emerged for the treatment of …

Selenium (Se), a microelement essential for life, is critical for homeostasis of several critical
functions, such as those related to immune–endocrine function and signaling transduction …

Background: A number of recent advances in our understanding of thyroid physiology may
shed light on why some patients feel unwell while taking levothyroxine monotherapy. The …

Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on
the cell type, can be activated (ie, T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (ie, T3 to 3, 3′-diiodo-l …

Despite its very low level in humans, selenium plays an important and unique role among
the (semi) metal trace essential elements because it is the only one for which incorporation …

The deiodinase family of enzymes mediates the activation and inactivation of thyroid
hormone. The role of these enzymes in the regulation of the systemic concentrations of …

The goal of this review is to place the exciting advances that have occurred in our
understanding of the molecular biology of the types 1, 2, and 3 (D1, D2, and D3 …

The requirement of the trace element selenium for life and its beneficial role in human health
has been known for several decades. This is attributed to low molecular weight selenium …

Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is strictly regulated by iodothyronine deiodinase activity,
which both preserves the circulating levels of the biologically active triiodothyronine (T3) and …

The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore
are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research …