Newly hatched chickens are confronted by a wide array of pathogenic microbes because
their adaptive immune defences have limited capabilities to control these pathogens. In such …

With the ongoing intensification of the poultry industry and the continuous need to control
pathogens, there is a critical need to extend our understanding of the avian immune system …

Our ability to understand the function, pathology and regeneration ability of an organ system
is handicapped without knowledge of its normal structure. Electron microscopy and, later …

Neural crest cells (NCC) migrate, proliferate, and differentiate within the wall of the
gastrointestinal tract to give rise to the neurons and glial cells of the enteric nervous system …

The avian embryo provides several advantages for studies on development of the immune
system. These include the existence of a clear demarcation between the B and T cell …

The aim of the experiment was to determine the influence of colloidal silver nanoparticles on
the development of chicken embryos, particularly on the bursa of Fabricius. Silver …

Birds have a unique organ for primary B lymphopoiesis, the bursa of Fabricius. Thus avian B-
cell development can be classified into prebursal, bursal, and postbursal stages. During …

Our ability to understand the function, pathology, and regeneration ability of an organ system
is handicapped without knowledge of its normal structure. Electron microscopy and, later …

Dendritic cells (DC) are critically important accessory cells in the innate and adaptive
immune systems. Avian DCs were originally identified in primary and secondary lymphoid …

In contrast to mammals, early B cell differentiation and diversification of the antibody
repertoire in chickens do not take place in the bone marrow but in a specialized gut …