Southern Ocean ecosystems are globally important and vulnerable to global drivers of
change, yet they remain challenging to study. Fish and squid make up a significant portion of …

The water column of the deep ocean is dark, cold, low in food, and under crushing
pressures, yet it is full of diverse life. Due to its enormous volume, this mesopelagic zone is …

Dunkleosteus terrelli, an arthrodire placoderm, is one of the most widely recognized fossil
vertebrates due to its large size and status as one of the earliest vertebrate apex predators …

Exceptional fossil preservation is required to conserve soft-bodied fossils and even more so
to conserve their behaviour. Here, we describe a fossil of a co-occurrence of representatives …

Predation is a major evolutionary driver of animal adaptation. However, understanding of
anti-predator evolution is biased toward vertebrate taxa. Cephalopoda, a class in the …

Cephalopods are an important component of Southern Ocean food webs but studies
analysing their habitat and trophic ecology are scarce. Here, we use the Antarctic toothfish …

Two lower jaws and one upper jaw of coleoid cephalopods recovered from the Santonian to
lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) strata in Hokkaido, Japan were studied …

Synopsis “Polar gigantism” describes a biogeographic pattern in which many ectotherms in
polar seas are larger than their warmer-water relatives. Although many mechanisms have …

Deep-sea squids are presumably vital components of largely undescribed marine
ecosystems, yet limited access to specimens has hampered efforts to detail their ecological …

Ammonoid cephalopods were Earth's most abundant oceanic carnivores for hundreds of
millions of years, yet their probable range of swimming capabilities is poorly constrained. We …