Abstract NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptors (NMDARs) play a central role in excitotoxic
neuronal death caused by ischemic stroke, but NMDAR channel blockers have failed to be …

Excitotoxicity, the specific type of neurotoxicity mediated by glutamate, may be the missing
link between ischemia and neuronal death, and intervening the mechanistic steps that lead …

Tau phosphorylation is regulated by a balance between tau kinase and phosphatase
activities. Disruption of this equilibrium was suggested to be at the origin of abnormal tau …

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a central component in signaling networks in a
multitude of mammalian cell types. This review covers recent advances on specific functions …

Significant amounts of oxygen free radicals (oxidants) are generated during cerebral
ischemia/reperfusion, and oxidative stress plays an important role in brain damage after …

Excessive inflammation is becoming accepted as a critical factor in many human diseases,
including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, infection …

The p38 MAP kinases are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play important
roles in cellular responses to external stress signals. Since their identification about 10 years …

Stroke is the world's second leading cause of mortality, with a high incidence of severe
morbidity in surviving victims. There are currently relatively few treatment options available …

Inflammation is an innate immune response to infection or tissue damage that is designed to
limit harm to the host, but contributes significantly to ischemic brain injury following stroke …

Astrocytes are specialized and the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system
(CNS). They play important roles in the physiology of the brain. Astrocytes are also critically …