Carbohydrates are widespread and naturally occurring compounds, and essential
constituents for living organisms. They are quite often reported when biological systems are …

Raman and Infrared (IR) spectroscopies provide information about the structure, functional
groups and environment of the molecules in the sample. In combination with a microscope …

Blood is a bodily fluid that is vital for a number of life functions in animals. To a first
approximation, blood is a mildly alkaline aqueous fluid (plasma) in which a large number of …

The frequent monitoring of glucose is an essential part of diabetes management. Despite the
fact that almost all the commercially successful blood glucose monitoring devices are …

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is a label-free imaging
technique that is capable of real-time, nonperturbative examination of living cells and …

The concept of a fuel cell dates back to 1839, from independent studies by Grove and
Schoenbein. 1, 2 Like a battery, a fuel cell is a device for obtaining electrical energy directly …

Raman spectroscopy has become more popular in recent years because improvements in
instrumentation have allowed users to focus on their applications rather than on the …

Fiber optic probes are a key element for biomedical spectroscopic sensing. We review the
use of fiber optic probes for optical spectroscopy, focusing on applications in turbid media …

In vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive optical method to obtain detailed
information about the molecular composition of the skin with high spatial resolution. In vivo …

▪ Abstract By maintaining a near normal (70–120 mg/dL) glucose concentration, diabetic
patients can drastically reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of diabetes complications. In …