Ca2+-release channels are giant membrane proteins that control the release of Ca2+ from
the endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum. The two members, ryanodine receptors …

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are located in the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum
membrane and are responsible for the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores during …

Cognitive dysfunction (CD) in heart failure (HF) adversely affects treatment compliance and
quality of life. Although ryanodine receptor type 2 (RyR2) has been linked to cardiac muscle …

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) mediate the rapid release of calcium (Ca2+) from intracellular
stores into the cytosol, which is essential for numerous cellular functions including excitation …

Ca2+ is a fundamental second messenger in all cell types and is required for numerous
essential cellular functions, including cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction. The …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as an intracellular Ca2+ store not only sets up cytosolic
Ca2+ signals, but, among other functions, also assembles and folds newly synthesized …

Ca2+-dependent signaling is highly regulated in cardiomyocytes and determines the force
of cardiac muscle contraction. Ca2+ cycling refers to the release and reuptake of …

Age-related loss of muscle mass and force (sarcopenia) contributes to disability and
increased mortality. Ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) is the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic …

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and early
death resulting from dystrophin deficiency. Loss of dystrophin results in disruption of a large …

Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome resulting from the inability of the cardiac pump to meet the
energy requirements of the body. Despite intensive work, the pathogenesis of the cardiac …