The chloroplast can act as an environmental sensor, communicating with the cell during
biogenesis and operation to change the expression of thousands of proteins. This process …

Chloroplasts are the organelles that define plants, and they are responsible for
photosynthesis as well as numerous other functions. They are the ancestral members of a …

Compartmentation of the eukaryotic cell requires a complex set of subcellular messages,
including multiple retrograde signals from the chloroplast and mitochondria to the nucleus …

Plastid-derived signals are known to coordinate expression of nuclear genes encoding
plastid-localized proteins in a process termed retrograde signaling. To date, the identity of …

Following the acquisition of chloroplasts and mitochondria by eukaryotic cells during
endosymbiotic evolution, most of the genes in these organelles were either lost or …

The term retrograde signaling refers to the fact that chloroplasts and mitochondria utilize
specific signaling molecules to convey information on their developmental and physiological …

A plastid-derived signal plays an important role in the coordinated expression of both
nuclear-and chloroplast-localized genes that encode photosynthesis-related proteins …

The most conspicuous function of plastids is the oxygenic photosynthesis of chloroplasts, yet
plastids are super-factories that produce a plethora of compounds that are indispensable for …

Plant cells store genetic information in the genomes of three organelles: the nucleus, plastid,
and mitochondrion. The nucleus controls most aspects of organelle gene expression …

Interorganellar cooperation maintained via exquisitely controlled retrograde-signaling
pathways is an evolutionary necessity for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. This …