BACKGROUND The idea that memory is stored as enduring changes in the brain dates
back at least to the time of Plato and Aristotle (circa 350 BCE), but its scientific articulation …

The field of neuroscience has, after a long period of looking the other way, again embraced
emotion as an important research area. Much of the progress has come from studies of fear …

In contextual fear conditioning, experimental subjects learn to associate a neutral context
with an aversive stimulus and display fear responses to a context that predicts danger …

The memory consolidation hypothesis proposed 100 years ago by Müller and Pilzecker
continues to guide memory research. The hypothesis that new memories consolidate slowly …

The human frontal cortex helps mediate working memory, a system that is used for
temporary storage and manipulation of information and that is involved in many higher …

Considerable progress has been made over the past 20 years in relating specific circuits of
the brain to emotional functions. Much of this work has involved studies of Pavlovian or …

Abstract Lynch, MA. Long-Term Potentiation and Memory. Physiol Rev 84: 87–136, 2004;
10.1152/physrev. 00014.2003.—One of the most significant challenges in neuroscience is to …

▪ Abstract Learning the relationships between aversive events and the environmental stimuli
that predict such events is essential to the survival of organisms throughout the animal …

The authors present an overview of the neural bases of emotion. They underscore the role of
the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala in 2 broad approach-and withdrawal-related …

Excessive fear and anxiety are hallmarks of a variety of disabling anxiety disorders that
affect millions of people throughout the world. Hence, a greater understanding of the brain …