The field of stress physiology has rapidly expanded, particularly in those fields interested in
identifying chronic stress in wild animals. Despite this expansion, stress remains difficult to …

Despite a long history of animal studies investigating coping styles, the causal connections
between behavior and stress physiology remain unclear. Consistency across taxa in effect …

Continuous exposure to humans causes wildlife to either habituate or sensitize. Although
increased tolerance may play an important role in coexistence with humans, the …

Animal vigilance is concerned with the monitoring of potential threats caused by predators
and conspecifics. Researchers have argued that threats are part of a landscape of fear …

Increased predation risk is considered a cost of having conspicuous colours, affecting the
anti-predator behaviour of colourful animals. However, this is difficult to test, as individual …

Studies in natural populations are essential to understand the evolutionary ecology of
senescence and terminal allocation. While there are an increasing number of studies …

Glucocorticoids have wide-ranging effects on animals' behaviour, but many of these effects
remain poorly understood because numerous confounding factors have often been …

Natural selection is expected to favor the evolution of threat-sensitive behaviors that permit
individuals to adaptively detect and respond to danger. However, because time allocated to …

The predation-stress hypothesis has been proposed as a general mechanism to explain the
negative effect of predation risk on reproduction, through a chronic activation of the stress …

Group size effects, whereby animals allocate less time to antipredator vigilance as a function
of increasing numbers of animals foraging together, are reported in many taxa, but group …