Interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) products take on a number of diverse roles. Collectively,
they are highly effective at resisting and controlling pathogens. In this review, we begin by …

Many viruses trigger the type I interferon (IFN) system, leading to the transcription of
hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The products of these ISGs exert numerous …

Interferons (IFNs) induce the expression of hundreds of genes as part of an elaborate
antimicrobial programme designed to combat infection in all nucleated cells—a process …

Outbreaks of severe virus infections with the potential to cause global pandemics are
increasing. In many instances these outbreaks have been newly emerging (SARS …

Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host–pathogen interactions and
their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only …

Viroporins are small, hydrophobic proteins that are encoded by a wide range of clinically
relevant animal viruses. When these proteins oligomerize in host cell membranes, they form …

Mammalian genes and genomes have been shaped by ancient and ongoing challenges
from viruses. These genetic imprints can be identified via evolutionary analyses to reveal …

RNA virus infection is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I–like receptors
(RLRs), RIG-I, and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) in the cytoplasm …

The AIDS pandemic continues to present us with unique scientific and public health
challenges. Although the development of effective antiretroviral therapy has been a major …

Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …