Neurological involvement in HIV is often associated with cognitive impairment. Although
severe and progressive neurocognitive impairment has become rare in HIV clinics in the era …

Few things can be considered to be more important to a cell than its threshold for apoptotic
cell death, which can be modulated up or down, but rarely in both directions, by a single …

Abstract Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has
recently emerged as a key target in drug discovery. It has been implicated in multiple cellular …

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is implicated in the regulation of protein turnover and
exerts potent mitogenic and differentiating effects on most cell types. IGF-I biological actions …

The homologous insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors are both expressed in
the brain, in overlapping but distinct neuroanatomical patterns. In contrast to insulin, IGF1 is …

Lithium has been used clinically to treat bipolar disorder for over half a century, and remains
a fundamental pharmacological therapy for patients with this illness. Although lithium's …

The insulin-like growth factor system efficiently signals to cells to grow, differentiate, and
survive. One central player in the prevention of cell death is the IGF-I receptor. Transduction …

Valproic acid (VPA, 2-propylpentanoic acid) has been widely used as an antiepileptic drug
and for the therapy of bipolar disorders for several years. Its mechanism of action was …

Stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is associated with many neurodegenerative
conditions, can lead to the elimination of affected cells by apoptosis through only partially …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of the central nervous system (CNS)
can result in neurological dysfunction with devastating consequences in a significant …