Plants can be colonized by fungi that have adopted highly diverse lifestyles, ranging from
symbiotic to necrotrophic. Colonization is governed in all systems by hundreds of secreted …

Plants live in complex environments in which they intimately interact with a broad range of
microbial pathogens with different lifestyles and infection strategies. The evolutionary arms …

The pathogenicity of many bacteria depends on the injection of effector proteins via type III
secretion into eukaryotic cells in order to manipulate cellular processes. TAL (transcription …

Considering global climate change, the incidence of combined drought and heat stress is
likely to increase in the future and will considerably influence plant-pathogen interactions …

Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone that plays a vital role in a number of
physiological responses, including plant defense. The last two decades have witnessed a …

Although the functions of a few effector proteins produced by bacterial and oomycete plant
pathogens have been elucidated in recent years, information for the vast majority of …

Plants employ two modes of their innate immune system to resist pathogen infection. The
first mode of immunity is referred to as pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) that is triggered by …

Genome Editing using engineered endonuclease (GEEN) systems rapidly took over the field
of plant science and plant breeding. So far, Genome Editing techniques have been applied …

Plants have the ability to recognize and respond to a multitude of microorganisms.
Recognition of pathogens results in a massive reprogramming of the plant cell to activate …

It is accepted that most fungal avirulence genes encode virulence factors that are called
effectors. Most fungal effectors are secreted, cysteine-rich proteins, and a role in virulence …