Contents Summary I. Introduction II. Cold stress and physiological responses in plants III.
Sensing of cold signals in plants IV. Messenger molecules involved in cold signal …

Background Fresh food are perishable, and freezing is a popular way of maintaining the
quality and safety of foods. However, ice crystals formed during freezing may result in the …

Trehalose is a natural non-reducing sugar that is found in the vast majority of organisms
such as bacteria, yeasts, invertebrates and even in plants. Regarding its features, it is …

Ice-binding proteins (IBP) facilitate survival under extreme conditions in diverse life forms.
IBPs in polar fishes block further growth of internalized environmental ice and inhibit ice …

Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide with two glucose molecules linked through an α, α-
1, 1-glucosidic bond. Trehalose has received attention for the past few decades for its role in …

Among different environmental stresses, cold stress can significantly affect plant's
physiological activity, biochemical metabolism, growth, development and crop productivity …

Freeze tolerance–the ability to survive internal ice formation–has evolved repeatedly in
insects, facilitating survival in environments with low temperatures and/or high risk of …

By natural selection, organisms evolve different solutions to cope with extremely cold
weather. The emergence of an antifreeze protein gene is one of the most momentous …

Interactions of macromolecules with growing crystalline surfaces play an important role in
biomineralization, determine survival of some organisms at low temperatures, and offer a …

Low-temperatures pose extreme challenges to crops causing significant economical
impacts. Frosts are responsible for more than 30% of weather-related insured crop losses in …