Research on the effects of opioids on immune responses was stimulated in the 1980s by the
intersection of use of intravenous heroin and HIV infection, to determine if opioids were …

Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are substances which augment immune response.
BRMs can be cytokines which are produced endogenously in our body by immune cells or …

The ability to express or deplete proteins in living cells is crucial for the study of biological
processes. Viral vectors are often useful to deliver DNA constructs to cells that are difficult to …

Recent evidence suggests that astrocytes play an important role in regulating de-and
remyelination in multiple sclerosis. The role of astrocytes is controversial, and both …

Chemokines–chemotactic cytokines–are small secreted proteins that attract and activate
immune and non-immune cells in vitro and in vivo. It has been suggested that chemokines …

Simple Summary People living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)(PLWH)
are at increased risk of developing cancer despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) …

Microglia play a prominent role in the brain's inflammatory response to injury or infection by
migrating to affected locations, secreting inflammatory molecules, and phagocytosing …

HIV Tat protein is a critical protein that plays multiple roles in HIV pathogenesis. While its
role as the transactivator of HIV transcription is well established, other roles associated with …

In the past two decades a trickle of manuscripts examining the non-neuronal central nervous
system immune consequences of the drugs of abuse has now swollen to a significant body …

HIV tat is the transactivator of HIV-1, supporting efficient viral replication by stabilizing the
transcription of viral genes. Tat can be released from HIV-infected cells and alter several …