Cognitive control, the ability to orchestrate behavior in accord with our goals, depends on
the prefrontal cortex. These cognitive functions are heavily influenced by the …

Unexpected events are part of everyday experience. They come in several varieties—action
errors, unexpected action outcomes, and unexpected perceptual events—and they lead to …

Successful goal-directed behavior requires not only correct action selection, planning, and
execution but also the ability to flexibly adapt behavior when performance problems occur or …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are well known for their strong responses to rewards and their
critical role in positive motivation. It has become increasingly clear, however, that dopamine …

Memory is an essential element to adaptive behavior since it allows consolidation of past
experience guiding the subject to consider them in future experiences. Among the …

Background Over the last several years, it has become apparent that there are critical
problems with the hypothesis that brain dopamine (DA) systems, particularly in the nucleus …

Coincident signaling by dopamine and glutamate is thought to be crucial for a variety of
motivated behaviors. Previous work has suggested that some midbrain dopamine neurons …

The mesolimbic dopaminergic (ML-DA) system has been recognized for its central role in
motivated behaviors, various types of reward, and, more recently, in cognitive processes …

There is now general consensus that at least some of the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia
are related to dysfunctions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopamine (DA) system. At the …

In addition to dopamine neurons, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) contains GABA-,
glutamate-and co-releasing neurons, and recent reports suggest a complex role for the …