Venoms are a complex cocktail of biologically active molecules, including peptides, proteins,
polyamide, and enzymes widely produced by venomous organisms. Through long-term …

Across the Metazoa, the emergence of new ecological interactions has been enabled by the
repeated evolution of exocrine glands. Specialized glands have arisen recurrently and with …

Background Hymenoptera comprise extremely diverse insect species with extensive
variation in their life histories. The Dryinidae, a family of solitary wasps of Hymenoptera …

Venoms have evolved over a hundred times in animals. Venom toxins are thought to evolve
mostly by recruitment of endogenous proteins with physiological functions. Here we report …

Difficult drug targets are becoming the normal course of business in drug discovery,
sometimes due to large interacting surfaces or only small differences in selectivity regions …

The venoms of small rear-fanged snakes (RFS) remain largely unexplored, despite
increased recognition of their importance in understanding venom evolution more broadly …

Research on centipede venoms has led to the discovery of a diverse array of novel proteins
and peptides, including those with homology to previously discovered toxin families (eg …

Gene duplication followed by nucleotide differentiation is one of the simplest mechanisms to
develop new functions for genes. However, the evolutionary processes underlying the …

Centipedes are among the oldest groups of venomous predatory arthropods. They have had
similar morphology and life history for many million years and can be compared with …