Ocean acidification may have severe consequences for marine ecosystems; however,
assessing its future impact is difficult because laboratory experiments and field observations …

Paleosols (fossil soils) are preserved throughout the geologic record in depositional settings
ranging from alluvial systems to between basalt flows. Until recently, paleosols were studied …

The Cretaceous was one of the most remarkable periods in geological history, with a
“greenhouse” climate and several important geological events. Reconstructions of …

The limits for stomatal conductance are set by stomatal size (SS) and density (SD). An
inverse relationship between SS and SD has been observed in fossil and living plants. This …

Strontium-, oxygen-and carbon-isotope ratios have been determined from Late Jurassic–
Early Cretaceous belemnites from the Volga Basin, Russia, and Kawhia Harbour, New …

Fossil plant morphological traits have been used extensively as palaeoenvironment and
palaeoclimate indicators. Xeromorphic features are considered to be structural adaptations …

Our understanding of the ancient ocean-atmosphere system has focused on oceanic
proxies. However, the study of terrestrial proxies is equally necessary to constrain our …

Publisher Summary This chapter uses an interdisciplinary approach and deals with analysis
of sets of interacting entities and the interactions within those systems. Soil micromorphology …

Stomatal characteristics of an extinct Cretaceous conifer, Pseudofrenelopsis parceramosa
(Fontaine) Watson, are used to reconstruct atmospheric carbon dioxide (p CO2) over a time …

Paleosol carbonate-based estimates of paleo-atmospheric CO2 play a prominent role in
constraining radiative-forcing and climate sensitivity in the deep-time. Large uncertainty in …