Directed evolution has revolutionized biomolecular engineering by applying cycles of
mutation, amplification and selection to genes of interest (GOIs). However, classical directed …

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a core reaction for electrochemical energy
technologies such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. ORR catalysts have been limited to …

Nature uses Fe porphyrin sites for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Synthetic Fe
porphyrins have been extensively studied as ORR catalysts, but activity improvement is …

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is an innovative approach for the generation of evolved
microbial strains with desired characteristics, by implementing the rules of natural selection …

Rechargeable Zn-air batteries (R-ZABs) are promising electrochemical energy storage
devices with the advantages of high theoretical energy density, low cost of Zn metal and …

Globally increasing energy demands and environmental concerns related to the use of fossil
fuels have stimulated extensive research to identify new energy systems and economies that …

A longstanding research goal has been to understand the nature and role of copper–oxygen
intermediates within copper-containing enzymes and abiological catalysts. Synthetic …

Activation and reduction of O2 and H2O2 by synthetic and biosynthetic iron porphyrin
models have proved to be a versatile platform for evaluating second-sphere effects deemed …

This review focuses on the type A cytochrome c oxidases (C c O), which are found in all
mitochondria and also in several aerobic bacteria. C c O catalyzes the respiratory reduction …

In nature, cytochrome c oxidases catalyze the 4e− oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the
heme/Cu site, in which CuI is used to assist O2 activation. Because of the thermodynamic …