Solar energetic particles, or SEPs, from suprathermal (few keV) up to relativistic (∼∼ few
GeV) energies are accelerated near the Sun in at least two ways:(1) by magnetic …

The plasma particle velocity distributions observed in the solar wind generally show
enhanced (non-Maxwellian) suprathermal tails, decreasing as a power law of the velocity …

In this paper we examine the physical foundations and theoretical development of the kappa
distribution, which arises naturally from non-extensive Statistical Mechanics. The kappa …

Kappa Distributions: Theory and Applications in Plasmas presents the theoretical
developments of kappa distributions, their applications in plasmas, and how they affect the …

Abstract The Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) is a revolutionary mission
that simultaneously investigates two of the most important overarching issues in …

Abstract The Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISIS) is a complete science
investigation on the Solar Probe Plus (SPP) mission, which flies to within nine solar radii of …

Empirical kappa distributions provide a straightforward replacement of the Maxwell
distribution for systems out of thermal equilibrium such as space plasmas. Kappa …

This paper describes the physical foundations of the newly discovered “entropy defect” as a
basic concept of thermodynamics. The entropy defect quantifies the change in entropy …

First data from NASA's Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) mission show a striking"
ribbon" feature of enhanced energetic neutral atom (ENA) emission. The enhancement in …

The measurement of electron temperatures and metallicities in H ii regions and planetary
nebulae (PNe) has—for several decades—presented a problem: results obtained using …