Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

We combine satellite observations and numerical models to show that Earth lost 28 trillion
tonnes of ice between 1994 and 2017. Arctic sea ice (7.6 trillion tonnes), Antarctic ice …

We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of
GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4. 1), which builds on component and coupled …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

We document the development of the first version of the UK Earth System Model UKESM1.
The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with …

Observed surface temperature trends over recent decades are characterized by (a)
intensified warming in the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool and slight cooling in the eastern …

Since the beginning of the satellite era, Southern Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs)
have cooled, despite global warming. While observed Southern Ocean cooling has …

The magnitude of global warming is controlled by climate feedbacks associated with various
aspects of the climate system, such as clouds. The global climate feedback is the net effect …

Fully coupled climate models have long shown a wide range of Antarctic sea ice states and
evolution over the satellite era. Here, we present a high‐level evaluation of Antarctic sea ice …

There is debate about slowing of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a
key component of the global climate system. Some focus is on the sea surface temperature …