Heart failure (HF) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Circulating
biomarkers reflecting pathophysiological pathways involved in HF development and …

Background and Purpose: Natriuretic peptides have led the way as a diagnostic and
prognostic tool for the diagnosis and management of heart failure (HF). More recent …

Congestion is a cardinal sign of heart failure (HF). In the past, it was seen as a
homogeneous epiphenomenon that identified patients with advanced HF. However, current …

Inflammation has been recognized as a major pathophysiological contributor to the entire
spectrum of human heart failure (HF), including HF with reduced ejection fraction, HF with …

Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome with an enormous societal burden in terms of cost,
morbidity, and mortality. Natriuretic peptide testing is now widely used to support diagnosis …

Heart failure (HF) biomarkers have dramatically impacted the way HF patients are evaluated
and managed. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) are the …

Soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST2) is released in response to vascular
congestion and inflammatory and pro-fibrotic stimuli, and is a strong, independent predictor …

Background—Biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular events in community-based
populations have not consistently added information to standard risk factors. A limitation of …

Background—Soluble ST2 reflects activity of an interleukin-33–dependent cardioprotective
signaling axis and is a diagnostic and prognostic marker in acute heart failure. The use of …

Abstract The Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 protein (ST2) is a member of the interleukin
(IL) 1 receptor family with transmembrane (ST2L) and soluble (sST2) isoforms that are (over) …