A large body of experimental evidence shows that animals as diverse as mammals, birds,
and fish are capable of processing numerical information. Considerable differences have …

An ability to estimate quantities, such as the number of conspecifics or the size of a predator,
has been reported in vertebrates. Fish, in particular zebrafish, may be instrumental in …

The spontaneous tendency to join the largest social group was used to investigate quantity
discrimination in fish. Fish discriminated between shoals that differed by one element when …

Background Humans and non-human animals share an approximate non-verbal system for
representing and comparing numerosities that has no upper limit and for which accuracy is …

Background Research on human infants, mammals, birds and fish has demonstrated that
rudimentary numerical abilities pre-date the evolution of human language. Yet there is …

The ability to discriminate between larger and smaller quantities has been demonstrated in
several mammalian and avian species suggesting the possibility of evolutionary …

The medaka, Oryzias latipes, is rapidly growing in importance as a model in behavioural
research. However, our knowledge of its behaviour is still incomplete. In this study, we …

The ability to utilize numerical information can be adaptive in a number of ecological
contexts including foraging, mating, parental care, and anti-predator strategies. Numerical …

The shoal-choice test is a popular method to investigate quantity discrimination in social fish
based on their spontaneous preference for the larger of two shoals. The shoal-choice test …

Non-verbal numerical behavior in human infants, human adults, and non-human primates
appears to be rooted in two distinct mechanisms: a precise system for tracking and …