Inflammation can be either beneficial or detrimental to the liver, depending on multiple
factors. Mild (ie, limited in intensity and destined to resolve) inflammatory responses have …

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which excess fat accumulates in
the liver of a patient with no history of alcohol abuse or other causes for secondary hepatic …

The translocation of bacteria and bacterial products into the circulation contributes to
alcoholic liver disease. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth is common in patients with alcoholic …

Emerging data have shown a close association between compositional changes in gut
microbiota and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The change in …

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involves the
innate immune system and is mediated by Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) …

c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase family member that is
activated by diverse stimuli, including cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor and …

Apoptosis, an essential and basic biological phenomenon, is regulated in a complex
manner by a multitude of factors. Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), an anti-apoptotic member …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) signaling activates Smad‐and TGF‐β‐activated
kinase 1 (TAK1)‐dependent signaling to regulate cell survival, proliferation, fibrosis, and …

Hepatocyte death, inflammation, and liver fibrosis are the hallmarks of chronic liver disease.
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is an inflammatory cytokine involved in liver inflammation …

The myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1) is an anti-apoptotic protein of the B-
cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family, which regulates cellular apoptosis. Mcl-1 expression plays a …