Programmed cell death protein (PD-1) and its ligands play a fundamental role in the evasion
of tumor cells from antitumor immunity. Less well appreciated is the fact that the PD-1/PD-L1 …

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1; human herpesvirus 1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV;
human herpesvirus 3) are human neurotropic alphaherpesviruses that cause lifelong …

T cell exhaustion is thought to be a natural mechanism for limiting immune pathology,
although it may be desirable to circumvent this mechanism to help eliminate viral reservoirs …

After HSV-1 infection, macrophages infiltrate early into the cornea, where they play an
important role in HSV-1 infection. Macrophages are divided into M1 or M2 groups based on …

The progressive loss of immunological memory during aging correlates with a reduced
proliferative capacity and shortened telomeres of T cells. Growing evidence suggests that …

Cytotoxic CD8 T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a pivotal role in the control of infection. Activated
CTLs, however, often lose effector function during chronic infection. PD‐1 receptor and its …

The development of vaccines against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV1 and
HSV-2) is an important goal for global health. In this review we reexamined (i) the status of …

Evidence from nonhuman animal models demonstrates an important role for immune cells in
hypertension, but immune cell changes in human hypertension are less clear. Using mass …

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic member of the alphaherpes virus family,
is among the most prevalent and successful human pathogens. HSV-1 can cause serious …

SUMMARY Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) is a highly successful neurotropic pathogen
that primarily infects the epithelial cells lining the orofacial mucosa. After primary lytic …