The spatial model of elections identifies factors that motivate party elites to shift their policy
positions, including changes in voters' policy preferences, rival parties' policy shifts, past …

Do political parties respond to shifts in the preferences of their supporters, which we label
the partisan constituency model, or to shifts in the mean voter position (the general …

Calvo and Murillo consider the non-policy benefits that voters consider when deciding their
vote. While parties advertise policies, they also deliver non-policy benefits in the form of …

Female gender and low income are two markers for groups that have been historically
disadvantaged within most societies. The study explores two research questions related to …

This book investigates the ideological conditions inducing political actors to highlight
corruption issues through valence campaigns. Using case studies and comparative …

Recent studies document that voters infer parties' left‐right positions from governing
coalition arrangements. We show that citizens extend this coalition‐based heuristic to the …

This article presents a scaling approach to jointly estimate the locations of voters, parties,
and European political groups on a common left-right scale. Although most comparative …

Do party policy offerings simply reflect public opinion or do parties shape public demand for
policies? Theories of party position-taking and the operation of democracy expect parties to …

Recent studies document that voters infer parties' left‐right policy agreement based on
governing coalition arrangements. This article extends this research to present theoretical …

Electoral rules play an important role in determining citizen-elite ideological congruence.
This is because they influence each stage of the representation process as one moves from …