Glutamate is the most commonly engaged neurotransmitter in the mammalian central
nervous system, acting to mediate excitatory neurotransmission. However, high levels of …

Mitochondria are unique organelles that are essential for a variety of cellular processes
including energy metabolism, calcium homeostasis, lipid biosynthesis, and apoptosis …

Neurodegenerative disorders are currently incurable devastating diseases which are
characterized by the slow and progressive loss of neurons in specific brain regions …

Excitotoxicity is a phenomenon that describes the toxic actions of excitatory
neurotransmitters, primarily glutamate, where the exacerbated or prolonged activation of …

The mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) is a permeability increase of the inner
mitochondrial membrane mediated by a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP) …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects
upper motor neurons (MNs) comprising the corticospinal tract and lower MNs arising from …

Abstract Calcium (Ca 2+) is an universal second messenger that regulates the most
important activities of all eukaryotic cells. It is of critical importance to neurons as it …

It is increasingly acknowledged that a sex and gender specificity affects the occurrence,
development, and consequence of a plethora of pathologies. Mitochondria are considered …

Many lines of evidence suggest that mitochondria have a central role in ageing-related
neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria are critical regulators of cell death, a key feature …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a terminal late-onset condition characterized by the
loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Mutations in more than 30 genes are associated to …