This review article presents a description of contemporary developments and findings
related to the different elements needed in future 4th generation district heating systems …

Renewable energy sources have gained prominence due to sustainability and less
environmental impacts. With increasing energy consumption and depleting fossil fuel …

District heating is a well-established system for providing energy efficient space and
domestic hot water heating in dwellings in particularly in temperate and cold climate zones …

The literature emphasizes the important role of industrial excess heat (IEH) and heat pumps
(HP) in future 4th generation district heating and smart energy systems. However, they can …

Hydrogen is widely considered to play a pivotal role in successfully transforming the German
energy system, but the German government's current “National Hydrogen Strategy” does not …

District heating (DH) enables the utilisation and distribution of heating from sources
unfeasible for stand-alone applications and combined with cogeneration of heat and power …

In this study, smart energy systems are investigated and comparatively assessed to solve
major global energy-related issues in a sustainable manner. In order to be considered as …

There is a potential for utilizing a combination of combined heat and power (CHP) plants
together with large scale heat pumps in district heating systems to balance intermittent …

The transition towards carbon-neutral energy systems requires the identification of solutions
that are optimal at a societal level, however, market actors operate under a different logic …

The steady-state coordinated operation of electricity networks and natural gas networks to
maximize profits is investigated under market paradigm considering demand response. The …