Recent research has treated new rail transit systems as 'natural experiments', and while they
have generally resulted in increased ridership, the underlying reasons for this remain …

Urban planners face challenges in justifying the behavioral impacts of public transit
investments with causal evidence. In this study, we take a cost-effective approach to data …

Across urban and metropolitan regions worldwide, developing a new transit system is often
considered an effective way to address traffic congestion. The Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit …

Urban rail transit (URT) has expanded rapidly since the dawn of the century. Here we
examine the impact of URT development on bus service supply and usage, auto ownership …

This study marks the first attempt to examine the medium-and long-term effects of the MRT
Jakarta opening on congestion. By employing Differences-in-Differences (DiD) models at six …

Pioneer trains in Indonesia have been fully funded by the government. The construction
needs a lot of funding that would burden the state budget. One of the alternatives is the …